1 growth spread to the rest of the economy of these newly settled lands through the familiar accelerator multiplier process.这种增长通过常见的乘数加速过程扩展到这些新近作为殖民地开拓者移居的经济部门的其余部分。
2. Second, workers with various skills moved in great waves from overpopulated Europe to these mostly empty lands, and so did huge amounts of capital.其次，具有各种技术的工人像巨浪般地从人口过剩的欧洲移人这些多半是地旷人稀的国家，而巨额资本的情况也是这样。句中and so did huge amounts of capital是一个倒装结构，在非倒装的情况下，这部分应该是and huge amounts of capital also moved in great waves from overpopulated Europe to these mostly empty lands.
3. Though data are far from precise, it seems that from 30 to 50 percent of total capital formation (i.e.，investments) in such nations as Canada, Argentina,and Australia was financed through capital inflows.虽然数据远非精确，但看来加拿大、阿根廷和澳大利亚这些国家全部资本积累(即投资)中的30%至50%是通过资本流人来提供资金的。
4. To be sure, there are some economists who believe that the rapid growth of the regions of recent settlement during the nineteenth century was due primarily to very favorable internal conditions(such as abundant natural resources)，with trade playing only an important supportive role.固然，有些经济学家认为19世纪那些新近作为殖民移居地区的迅速发展主要是由于它们十分有利的内部条件(诸如丰富的自然资源)，而贸易则仅仅起着重要的辅助作用。 句中with trade playing only an important supportive role是一个介词短语，充当伴随状语。如:The ambas-sador went into the hall，with all his aides following after him.
5. Finally, it is also true that until recently, developing nations have somewhat neglected their agriculture in favor of more rapid industrialization, thereby hampering their export (and development) prospects.最后，直到最近，发展中国家为了更快速地实现工业化而对它们的农业有些忽视，从而妨碍了它们的出口(和发展)前景。 句中in favor of的意思是“支持”、“为T偏爱”。副词thereby及其紧跟的现在分词短语hampering their export (and development) prospects用作状语。
6. Even though international trade cannot in general be expected to be an "engine of growth" today，there are still many ways(besides the static gains from comparative advantage) in which it can contribute to the economic development of today's developing nations. 即使一般说来不能期望国际贸易在今天成为“经济增长的引擎”，但它仍能通过许多方式(除了从比较利益所获得的静态收益以外)促进今天发展中国家的经济发展。
7. Trade can lead to the full utilization of otherwise underemployed domestic resources.贸易能导致充分利用不然未得到充分利用的本国资源。句中otherwise是一个副词，作“不然”解释。如:They promptly saved the life of the passenger who shouldotherwise have drowned in the sea.
8. For such a nation, trade would represent a vent for surplus, or an outlet for its potential surplus of agri-cultural commodities and raw materials. 对这样一个国家来说，贸易体现为剩余物的一个出路，或者是它的`农产品和原料的潜在剩余物的一个市
9. Finally, international trade is an excellent antnopoly weapon (when allowed to operate) because it stimulates greater efficiency by domestic producers to meet foreign competition.最后，国际贸易是一种极好的反垄断的武器(当被允许加以操作时)，因为它被本国制造商用来促进更高的效率以对付外国竞争。
10. Critics of international trade can match this impressive list of benefits with an equally impressive list of the allegedly harmful effects of trade. e a developing nation can refuse to trade if it gains nothing or loses, the presumption is that it must also gain from trade.爱非议国际贸易的人能将这一大串好处与所谓贸易的同样的一大串有害作用相提并论。可是，一个发展中国家在无利可图或遭受损失的情况下可拒绝从事贸易，因为它必须从贸易获利。句中match…with…的意思是使……与……等同(或类似)。
new theory of endogenous growth, es deeper and seeks to spell out more rigorously and in greater detail the actual channels or the ways by which lower trade barriers can stimulate growth in the long run. Previous theorizing was much more casual and less rigorous. 可是，新的内源性经济增长的理论进行了更深的探索，并试图更精确和详细地阐明:通过什么实际的渠道或途径能使较低的贸易壁垒从长期来看促进经济增长。以前所作的理论说明太肤浅，也不够精确。句中theorizing是动词，theorize的动名词形式。形容词casual在这里作“肤浅的”解释。